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Format Encyclopedia & Technical Specifications

Byte-level header signatures, binary specifications, ISO/RFC standards, and history

Portable Document Format

.pdf

ISO 32000-1 (2008) / ISO 32000-2 (2020)

Portable Network Graphics

.png

W3C Recommendation (1996) / ISO/IEC 15948:2004

Joint Photographic Experts Group

.jpg

ISO/IEC 10918-1 / ITU-T T.81

Google Web Picture Format

.webp

RFC 6386 / RIFF Container Specification

AV1 Image File Format

.avif

ISO/IEC 23000-22 (MIAF) / AOMedia Specification

Scalable Vector Graphics

.svg

W3C Recommendation (SVG 1.1 / SVG 2)

Office Open XML Document

.docx

ECMA-376 / ISO/IEC 29500

ZIP Compressed Archive

.zip

PKWARE APPNOTE / ISO/IEC 21320-1

Graphics Interchange Format

.gif

CompuServe GIF87a / GIF89a Specification

JavaScript Object Notation

.json

RFC 8259 / ECMA-404 / ISO/IEC 21778

Comma-Separated Values

.csv

RFC 4180 / IETF

Extensible Markup Language

.xml

W3C Recommendation (XML 1.0 Fifth Edition)

Advanced Audio Coding

.aac

ISO/IEC 13818-7 / ISO/IEC 14496-3

Audio Interchange File Format

.aiff

Apple / Electronic Arts IFF 85 Standard

Apple Lossless Audio Codec

.alac

Apple Open Source / ISO 14496-12

Monkey's Audio Lossless Format

.ape

Matthew T. Ashland Open Specification

Free Lossless Audio Codec

.flac

Xiph.Org Open Standard / IETF Draft

MPEG-4 Audio Container

.m4a

ISO/IEC 14496-14 (MPEG-4 Part 14)

MPEG-4 Audiobook Container

.m4b

Apple Inc. / ISO/IEC 14496-14

Musical Instrument Digital Interface

.mid

MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) / AMEI

MPEG Audio Layer III

.mp3

ISO/IEC 11172-3 / ISO/IEC 13818-3

Ogg Vorbis Audio Container

.ogg

Xiph.Org Foundation / IETF RFC 3533 & RFC 5334

Opus Interactive Audio Codec

.opus

IETF RFC 6716

Waveform Audio File Format

.wav

Microsoft & IBM Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF)

3GPP Multimedia Container

.3gp

3GPP TS 26.244 / ISO 14496-12

Audio Video Interleave

.avi

Microsoft RIFF Specification / OpenDML Extension

Flash Video Container

.flv

Adobe Systems Flash Video File Format Specification

Matroska Multimedia Container

.mkv

Matroska Open Standard / IETF Working Group Draft

Apple QuickTime Movie

.mov

Apple Computer Inc. QuickTime Specification

MPEG-4 Part 14 Container

.mp4

ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003

WebM Open Media Container

.webm

WebM Project / IETF Cellar Working Group

Sony Alpha Raw

.arw

TIFF/EP (ISO 12234-2) extension

Canon Raw 2

.cr2

TIFF/EP (ISO 12234-2) derivative

Canon Raw 3

.cr3

ISO/IEC 14496-12 (ISO Base Media File Format)

Canon Raw CIFF

.crw

Camera Image File Format (CIFF)

Kodak Digital Camera Raw

.dcr

TIFF-based proprietary format

Kodak Professional DCS Raw

.dcs

TIFF-based Kodak proprietary

Digital Negative

.dng

ISO 12234-2 compatible / Adobe Open Specification

Kodak Pro SLR/n Raw

.drf

TIFF-based Kodak proprietary

Kodak DC25 Raw

.k25

TIFF-based Kodak proprietary

Kodak Digital Camera File

.kdc

TIFF-based Kodak proprietary

Nikon Electronic Format

.nef

TIFF/EP (ISO 12234-2) extension

Nikon Coolpix Raw

.nrw

TIFF/EP (ISO 12234-2) derivative

Olympus Raw Format

.orf

TIFF-based proprietary format

Pentax Electronic File

.pef

TIFF/EP (ISO 12234-2) derivative

Pentax Raw Variant

.ptx

TIFF-based proprietary format

Fujifilm Raw File

.raf

Fujifilm proprietary container

Generic Raw Image

.raw

TIFF-based / Panasonic proprietary

Panasonic Lumix Raw

.rw2

Panasonic proprietary format

Leica Raw Image

.rwl

TIFF-based / Panasonic joint specification

Sony Raw 2

.sr2

TIFF-based proprietary format

Sony Raw Format

.srf

TIFF-based proprietary format

Samsung Raw File

.srw

TIFF-based proprietary format

Sigma Foveon Raw

.x3f

Foveon proprietary specification

Animated Portable Network Graphics

.apng

W3C Community Group Report (2021) / Mozilla Extension

Bitmap Image File

.bmp

Microsoft Windows Device-Independent Bitmap (DIB) Architecture

Windows Cursor Resource

.cur

Microsoft Windows Resource Specification

Drawing Exchange Format

.dxf

Autodesk Open CAD Specification

Enhanced Metafile

.emf

[MS-EMF]: Enhanced Metafile Format Specification

Encapsulated PostScript

.eps

Adobe Encapsulated PostScript File Format Specification v3.0

OpenEXR High Dynamic Range

.exr

Academy Software Foundation (ASWF) Open Standard

Radiance RGBE Image

.hdr

Radiance Synthetic Imaging System Standard

High Efficiency Image Container

.heic

ISO/IEC 23008-12 (HEIF standard)

Windows Icon Resource

.ico

Microsoft Windows Icon Resource Specification

JPEG File Interchange Format

.jfif

ITU-T T.871 / ISO/IEC 10918-5

Portable Bitmap Format

.pbm

Netpbm Library Standard

ZSoft PC Paintbrush Bitmap

.pcx

ZSoft PC Paintbrush Technical Reference Manual

Portable Graymap Format

.pgm

Netpbm Library Standard

Portable Pixmap Format

.ppm

Netpbm Library Standard

Photoshop Large Document Format

.psb

Adobe Photoshop File Format Specification (Version 2)

Photoshop Document

.psd

Adobe Photoshop File Format Specification (Version 1)

Truevision TGA Image

.tga

Truevision TGA File Format Specification v2.0

Tagged Image File Format

.tiff

TIFF Revision 6.0 (Adobe Systems)

Windows Metafile

.wmf

[MS-WMF]: Windows Metafile Format Specification

7-Zip Archive

.7z

7-Zip Open Architecture Specification

Brotli Compressed Stream

.br

IETF RFC 7932

Bzip2 Compressed Archive

.bz2

Bzip2 Open Source Standard

Deflate Compressed Stream

.deflate

IETF RFC 1951 / RFC 1950 (zlib)

Gzip Compressed Archive

.gz

IETF RFC 1952

RAR Archive

.rar

RAR5 Architecture Specification

Tape Archive

.tar

POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) / POSIX.1-2001 (pax)

Tar Gzip Compressed Archive

.tar.gz

POSIX.1 ustar (RFC 1952 gzip wrapped)

Zstandard Compressed Stream

.zst

IETF RFC 8878

Amazon Kindle Format 8

.azw3

Amazon Proprietary KF8 Specification

Electronic Publication

.epub

W3C EPUB 3.3 Recommendation

FictionBook 2.0

.fb2

FictionBook Open XML Specification

HyperText Markup Language

.html

WHATWG HTML Living Standard / W3C Recommendation

Windows Initialization Configuration

.ini

De facto industry configuration standard

Markdown Document

.md

CommonMark Specification / GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM)

Mobipocket Ebook

.mobi

Mobipocket / Amazon Legacy Specification

Palm OS Database

.pdb

Palm OS File System Architecture Specification

Structured Query Language Script

.sql

ISO/IEC 9075:2023 / ANSI SQL Standard

Tom's Obvious Minimal Language

.toml

TOML v1.0.0 Specification

Plain Text File

.txt

ISO/IEC 10646 / Unicode Standard / IETF RFC 2046

YAML Ain't Markup Language

.yaml

YAML 1.2.2 Specification

Environment Configuration File

.env

The Twelve-Factor App Specification / Dotenv Standard

Binary glTF 3D Asset

.glb

ISO/IEC 12113:2022 / Khronos Open Standard

GL Transmission Format

.gltf

ISO/IEC 12113:2022 / Khronos Open Standard

Wavefront 3D Object

.obj

Wavefront Advanced Visualizer Specification

Polygon File Format

.ply

Stanford University Computer Graphics Laboratory Standard

Standard Triangle Language

.stl

3D Systems Stereolithography Specification

Cartesian Chemical Coordinate File

.xyz

De facto computational chemistry standard

OpenType Font

.otf

ISO/IEC 14496-22 (Open Font Format) / OpenType 1.9

TrueType Font

.ttf

ISO/IEC 14496-22 / Apple TrueType Reference Manual

Web Open Font Format

.woff

W3C Recommendation (2012)

Web Open Font Format 2.0

.woff2

W3C Recommendation (2018)

Advanced SubStation Alpha

.ass

Advanced SubStation Alpha v4.00+ Specification

SubRip Subtitle

.srt

De facto global subtitle standard

MicroDVD Subtitle

.sub

MicroDVD File Specification

Web Video Text Tracks

.vtt

W3C WebVTT Recommendation

X.509 Security Certificate

.cer

ITU-T X.509 / IETF RFC 5280

SSL/TLS X.509 Certificate

.crt

ITU-T X.509 / IETF RFC 5280

Distinguished Encoding Rules Certificate

.der

ITU-T Recommendation X.690

PKCS #12 Personal Information Exchange

.p12

IETF RFC 7292 / PKCS #12 v1.1

Privacy-Enhanced Mail Certificate

.pem

IETF RFC 7468 / RFC 1421

Electronic Mail Message

.eml

IETF RFC 5322 / RFC 2045 (MIME)

Unix Mailbox Format

.mbox

IETF RFC 4155

Microsoft Outlook Item

.msg

[MS-OXMSG]: Outlook Item (.msg) File Format

vCard Electronic Business Card

.vcf

IETF RFC 6350 (vCard v4.0)

FASTA Biological Sequence Format

.fasta

Bioinformatics de facto global standard

Flexible Image Transport System

.fits

IAU FITS Standard v4.0

NCBI GenBank Flat File

.gb

NCBI GenBank Release Specification

Hierarchical Data Format 5

.hdf5

The HDF Group Open Standard Specification

Network Common Data Form

.nc

OGC NetCDF Core Standard / NASA ESDS Standard

Geographic JavaScript Object Notation

.geojson

IETF RFC 7946

Keyhole Markup Language

.kml

OGC KML 2.3 Standard

GPS Exchange Format

.gpx

Topografix GPX 1.1 Specification

Database & System Backup File

.bak

Microsoft SQL Server Backup Specification / Generic Backup

Apple Disk Image

.dmg

Apple Universal Disk Image Format (UDIF)

ISO 9660 Optical Disc Image

.iso

ISO 9660:1988 / ECMA-119 / UDF (Universal Disk Format)

QEMU Copy-On-Write v2

.qcow2

QEMU QCOW2 Image Format Specification

Virtual Hard Disk

.vhd

Microsoft Virtual Hard Disk Image Format Specification

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